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      name:  REPLICATION
       log:  C:\WBG\github\280v2\REPLICATION PACKAGE - BOTEA ET AL 2025 - PRIVATE\Reproducibility package\outputs\Botea_2025.txt
  log type:  text
 opened on:  17 Mar 2025, 14:56:56

. 
. * Part 1: Producing the main databases needed to reproduce the analysis *
. 
. qui do "${code}\01_data_creation.do" 

. 
. * Part 2: Analyses that generate the result tables presented in the paper *
. 
. do "${code}\02_analysis.do" 

. * 2.1 REPRODUCING RESULTS PRESENTED IN TABLE 1 AND TABLE A7
. 
. use "${final}\widowhood2021.dta", clear

. 
. quietly{


Table 1: Practices and beliefs around widowhood and access to land for women across villages in Benin

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Women                       Men             
                                                                      Obs         Mean          Obs         Mean
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cases of levirate exist in the village                                 71         0.79           71         0.83
Levirate gives access to land and housing                              71         0.77           71         0.79
Having a son helps access to inheritance                               71         0.70           71         0.56
- most wives got poorer                                                71         0.94           71         0.86
- some wives were accused of witchcraft                                71         0.83           71         0.87
- most widows moved home                                               71         0.15           71         0.20
Women must be obedient to escape poverty                               71         0.82           71         0.87
Awareness of the Family Code                                           71         0.06           71         0.30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Table A-7: Opinions about the effects of land registration on gender dynamics

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Women                           Men                 
                                              Control          ITT          Control          ITT    
                                                 Mean                          Mean                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Awareness of the Family Code                    0.030        0.021            0.182        0.222 ** 
                                                            (0.06)                        (0.10)    
Land registration                                                                                   
- empowers widows                               0.606        0.004            0.697        0.077    
                                                            (0.07)                        (0.10)    
- dissuades in-laws                             0.576        0.035            0.697        0.075    
                                                            (0.06)                        (0.10)    
- safeguards rights of married women            0.636       -0.027            0.697        0.032    
                                                            (0.06)                        (0.11)    
Most widows get poorer                          0.970       -0.049            0.909       -0.097    
                                                            (0.04)                        (0.07)    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of villages                                 33           71               33           71    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

. 
. * 2.2 REPRODUCING RESULTS PRESENTED IN TABLE 2 THROUGH 6 AND A-1 THROUGH A-6
. 
. use "${final}\maindata.dta", clear
(PFR 2011 IE data: HH head level dataset)

. 
. quietly{

Table 2: Descriptive statistics on widow-headed and married couple households in 2011
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Widowed                   Married             
                                                                 Obs         Mean          Obs         Mean
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Household characteristics                                                                               
Age of household head (years)                                    310        60.18        2,912        45.39
Education (years)                                                310         0.14        2,912         1.61
Household size                                                   310         3.84        2,912         6.66
Household head with a cohabiting son                             310         0.46        2,912         0.77
B. Characteristics of widows and wives                                                                     
Age (years)                                                      307        60.22        2,831        37.38
Education (years)                                                307         0.14        2,831         0.40
Has been previously married                                      307         1.00        2,831         0.07
- Divorced                                                       307         0.00        2,831         0.04
- Widowed                                                        307         1.00        2,831         0.02
Husband died before land registration started                    307         0.76        2,831         0.02
Widow lived in this village with late spouse                     307         0.78           76         0.43
C. Type of homestead                                                                                       
Household is homeowner                                           310         0.80        2,912         0.89
Materials:                                                                                                 
- roof made of cement/tiles                                      310         0.02        2,912         0.02
- wall made of cement                                            310         0.15        2,912         0.16
D. Landholdings                                                                                            
Household is a landholder                                        310         0.83        2,912         0.96
Number of parcels held                                           310         1.47        2,912         1.97
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Table 3: Effects of land registration activities on local land management  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Obs.      Control          ITT             FWER
                                                                        Mean                       p-value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Village has institution(s) in charge of land issue          291        0.343        0.351 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
Land issues are primarily handled by:                                                                     
- village land committee                                    291        0.051        0.521 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
- village council                                           291        0.141       -0.091 **         0.027
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.04)                 
- council of elders                                         291        0.131       -0.073 *          0.084
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.04)                 
Members of primary land institution are elected             291        0.152        0.398 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
Primary land institution has at least:                                                                    
- one female member                                         291        0.081        0.445 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
- one female member in a leading position                   291        0.010        0.074 ***        0.023
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
Primary land institution:                                                                                 
- coordinates land registration activities                  291        0.051        0.448 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
- preserves documentation about land registration           291        0.051        0.416 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
- helps register land transactions                          291        0.172        0.323 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.05)       (0.06)                 
- arbitrates land conflicts                                 291        0.333        0.335 ***        0.004
                                                                      (0.05)       (0.05)                 
- is responsible of land use management                     291        0.071        0.162 ***        0.005
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.04)                 
- allocates land to village members                         291        0.040        0.087 **         0.027
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
- coordinates tax collection                                291        0.010        0.023            0.234
                                                                      (0.02)       (0.02)                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 4: Land registration and likelihood that widows stay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Panel A: Widowed in 2011          Panel B: Married in 2011         
                                                       (1)              (2)              (1)              (2)    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lives in a PFR village (beta)                        0.124 **         0.214 **         0.012            0.054 ** 
                                                    (0.06)           (0.09)           (0.01)           (0.02)    
x Has a cohabiting son (lambda)                                      -0.183 *                          -0.055 ** 
                                                                     (0.10)                            (0.02)    
Has a cohabiting son (psi)                                            0.174 *                           0.024    
                                                                     (0.10)                            (0.02)    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of households                                   310              310            2,912            2,912    
Likelihood to remain in the control villages         0.805            0.805            0.053            0.053    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
beta + lambda                                                          0.031                        -0.001    
                                                                      (0.07)                        (0.01)    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Table 5: Treatment effect on married women's land bequest expectations in the event of widowhood  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Obs.      Control          ITT             FWER
                                                                        Mean                       p-value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wife expects she will inherit:                                                                            
- at least some land                                      2,831        0.066        0.016            0.137
                                                                      (0.01)       (0.01)                 
- nothing                                                 2,831        0.579       -0.054 **         0.020
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
- don't know                                              2,831        0.309        0.052 **         0.013
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.02)                 
Wife expects her children will inherit                                                                    
- at least some land                                      2,831        0.683        0.020            0.459
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.02)                 
- nothing                                                 2,831        0.013        0.000            0.927
                                                                      (0.00)       (0.01)                 
- don't know                                              2,831        0.256       -0.011            0.760
                                                                      (0.02)       (0.02)                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Table 6: Treatment effect on expectations of male respondents  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Obs.      Control          ITT             FWER
                                                                        Mean                       p-value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Respondent has heard about the PFR                        2,856        0.261        0.597 ***        0.001
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
Respondent thinks that PFR:                                                                               
- improves land tenure security for landlord              1,910        0.813        0.064 **         0.005
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
- improves land tenure security for tenants               1,910        0.490        0.032            0.335
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.05)                 
- improves land tenure security for women                 1,910        0.554        0.121 ***        0.002
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.04)                 
- improves land tenure security for migrants              1,910        0.402        0.040            0.335
                                                                      (0.05)       (0.05)                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table A1: Descriptive statistics on widow-headed and married households in 2011 across treatment arms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Widowed                       Married                 
                                                             Control          ITT          Control          ITT    
                                                                Mean                          Mean                 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Characteristics of Household Heads                                                                              
Age of household head (years)                                 60.439        2.722           45.690       -0.295    
                                                                           (2.61)                        (0.61)    
Education of household head (years)                            0.159       -0.179            1.517        0.141    
                                                                           (0.13)                        (0.16)    
Household size                                                 4.049       -0.270            6.693        0.018    
                                                                           (0.32)                        (0.14)    
Household head with a cohabiting son                           0.500       -0.097            0.780       -0.010    
                                                                           (0.08)                        (0.02)    
B. Characteristics of Widows and Wives                                                                             
Age (years)                                                   60.543        2.765           37.618       -0.387    
                                                                           (2.68)                        (0.53)    
Education (years)                                              0.160       -0.183            0.416       -0.024    
                                                                           (0.13)                        (0.07)    
Previously Married                                             1.000        0.000            0.068       -0.004    
                                                                              (.)                        (0.01)    
- Divorced                                                     0.000        0.000            0.039       -0.001    
                                                                              (.)                        (0.01)    
- Widowed                                                      1.000        0.000            0.024       -0.006    
                                                                              (.)                        (0.01)    
Husband died before land registration started                  0.753        0.073            0.026       -0.006    
                                                                           (0.07)                        (0.01)    
Widow lived in this village with late spouse                   0.753        0.106            0.429       -0.083    
                                                                           (0.08)                        (0.16)    
C. Type of homestead                                                                                               
Household is homeowner                                         0.756        0.053            0.884       -0.004    
                                                                           (0.07)                        (0.02)    
Materials:                                                                                                         
- roof made of cement/tiles                                    0.000        0.018            0.020        0.005    
                                                                           (0.01)                        (0.01)    
- wall made of cement                                          0.134        0.086            0.172       -0.024    
                                                                           (0.06)                        (0.02)    
D. Landholdings                                                                                                    
Household is a landholder                                      0.805        0.017            0.962        0.006    
                                                                           (0.07)                        (0.01)    
Number of parcels held                                         1.524       -0.073            1.972        0.052    
                                                                           (0.14)                        (0.07)    
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of households                                              82          310              992        2,912    
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

Table A-2: Land registration and likelihood to stay by son presence and widowhood timing
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                (1)              (2)              (3)              (4)    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Widow lives in a PFR village (beta)                                           0.161 **         0.248 **         0.374 *          0.666 ***
                                                                             (0.07)           (0.10)           (0.21)           (0.17)    
x Widow has a cohabiting son (tau)                                                            -0.165                            -0.567 ** 
                                                                                              (0.10)                            (0.24)    
x Lost husband before PFR (lambda)                                                                             -0.232           -0.468 ** 
                                                                                                               (0.21)           (0.19)    
x Lost husband before PFR x Widow has a cohabiting son (delta)                                                                   0.444 *  
                                                                                                                                (0.26)    
Widow has a cohabiting son (gamma)                                                             0.183 *                           0.669 ***
                                                                                              (0.10)                            (0.23)    
Lost husband before PFR (psi)                                                                                   0.235            0.518 ***
                                                                                                               (0.21)           (0.16)    
x Widow has a cohabiting son (omega)                                                                                            -0.539 ** 
                                                                                                                                (0.24)    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of households                                                            265              265              265              265    
Control mean                                                                  0.805            0.805            0.805            0.805    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
beta + tau + lambda + delta                                                                    0.083            0.143 **         0.076    
                                                                                              (0.07)           (0.07)           (0.07)    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

Table A-3: Land registration and likelihood to remarry by 2015 for widows by son presence and widowhood timing
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          (1)              (2)              (3)              (4)    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Widow lives in a PFR village (beta)                                                    -0.095 **        -0.093           -0.062           -0.155 *  
                                                                                       (0.05)           (0.07)           (0.06)           (0.09)    
x Widow has a cohabiting son (tau)                                                                      -0.001                             0.122    
                                                                                                        (0.09)                            (0.12)    
x Lost husband before PFR (lambda)                                                                                       -0.064            0.092    
                                                                                                                         (0.09)           (0.13)    
x Lost husband before PFR x Widow has a cohabiting son (delta)                                                                            -0.223    
                                                                                                                                          (0.19)    
Has a cohabiting son (gamma)                                                                             0.028                            -0.158    
                                                                                                        (0.09)                            (0.11)    
Lost husband before PFR (psi)                                                                                             0.224 ***        0.020    
                                                                                                                         (0.08)           (0.13)    
x Widow has a cohabiting son (omega)                                                                                                       0.306 *  
                                                                                                                                          (0.17)    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of households                                                                      464              464              464              464    
Control mean                                                                            0.240            0.240            0.240            0.240    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
beta + tau + lambda + delta                                                                             -0.094           -0.126 *         -0.164 *  
                                                                                                        (0.06)           (0.07)           (0.10)    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

Table A4: Descriptive statistics on widowers and husbands in married couple households in 2011
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Widowed                   Married                  
                                                            Obs         Mean          Obs         Mean
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Characteristics of Household Heads                                                                 
Age of household head (years)                                49        65.57        2,912        45.39
Education (years)                                            49         1.12        2,912         1.61
size of hh                                                   49         4.29        2,912         6.66
Has cohabiting young boys                                    49         0.39        2,912         0.77
B. Characteristics of Widowers and Husbands                                                           
Age (years)                                                  48        65.27        2,649        45.80
Education (years)                                            48         1.15        2,649         1.68
Has been previously married                                  48         0.73        2,649         0.19
- Divorced                                                   48         0.10        2,649         0.12
- Widowed                                                    48         0.60        2,649         0.05
Wife died before land registration started                   48         0.50        2,649         0.05
Widower lived in this village with late spouse               30         0.97          178         0.87
C. Type of homestead                                                                                  
Household is homeowner                                       49         0.92        2,912         0.89
Materials:                                                                                            
- roof made of cement/tiles                                  49         0.00        2,912         0.02
- wall made of cement                                        49         0.16        2,912         0.16
D. Landholdings                                                                                       
Household is a landholder                                    49         1.00        2,912         0.96
Number of parcels held                                       49         1.51        2,912         1.97
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table A-5: Land registration and likelihood that widowers stay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Panel A: Widower in 2011          Panel B: Married in 2011         
                                              (1)              (2)              (1)              (2)             
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lives in a PFR village (beta)                       0.1632           0.1447           0.0002           0.0004    
                                                   (0.250)          (0.587)          (0.004)          (0.008)    
x Has a cohabiting son (lambda)                                      0.1310                           -0.0002    
                                                                    (0.678)                           (0.008)    
Has a cohabiting son (psi)                                           0.0151                            0.0035    
                                                                    (0.753)                           (0.007)    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of households                                    49               49            2,912            2,912    
Likelihood to remain in the control villages         0.824            0.824            0.008            0.008    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
beta + lambda                                                         0.2757                        0.0002    
                                                                     (0.193)                       (0.004)    
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01

  Table A-6: Treatment effect on women's empowerment  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Obs.      Control          ITT             FWER
                                                                        Mean                       p-value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wife is involved in household's land decisions            2,831        0.345        0.058 **         0.006
                                                                      (0.03)       (0.03)                 
Wife receives share of HH's ag. revenue                   2,831        0.212        0.038            0.034
                                                                      (0.02)       (0.02)                 
Political involvment index                                2,831        2.437        0.040            0.116
                                                                      (0.04)       (0.03)                 
Women autonomy index                                      2,831        0.798        0.008            0.839
                                                                      (0.07)       (0.06)                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
end of do-file

. 
. * End *
. 
. log close REPLICATION
      name:  REPLICATION
       log:  C:\WBG\github\280v2\REPLICATION PACKAGE - BOTEA ET AL 2025 - PRIVATE\Reproducibility package\outputs\Botea_2025.txt
  log type:  text
 closed on:  17 Mar 2025, 15:36:52
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